Criminal justice

The study of criminal justice traditionally revolves around three main components of the criminaljustice system:

• police
• courts
• corrections

Nowadays, it is sometimes argued that psychiatry is also a central part ofthe criminal justice system.

The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of " justice " or "fairness" or"process", essentially the pursuit of an ideal . Thus this field has many relations to anthropology , economics , history , law , political science , psychology , sociology , and theology . The establishment of criminal justice, as an academic field, is generally accredited to August Vollmer , during the 1920s . By 1950 , ~1,000 students were in the field; by 1975 ,~100,000 students were in the field; by 1998 , ~350,000 students were in the field. Anotable center for criminal justice studies is the John Jay College of Criminal Justice .

Rights

One question which is presented by the idea of creating justice involves the rights of victims and the rights of accusedcriminals , and how these individual rights are related to oneanother and to social control . It is generally argued that victim's anddefendant's rights are inversely related, and individual rights,as a whole, are likewise viewed as inversely related to social control.

Rights, of course, imply responsibilities or duties, and this in turn requires a great deal of consensus in the community regarding the appropriate definitions for many of these legalterms.

Theories

There are several basic theories regarding criminal justice and its relation to individual rights and social control :

• Restorative justice assumes that the victim or theirheirs or neighbors can be in some way restored to a condition "just as good as" before the criminal incident. Substantially itbuilds on traditions in common law and tortlaw that requires all who commit wrong to be penalized. In recent time these penalties that restorative justice advocateshave included community service , restitution , and alternativesto imprisonment that keep the offender active in the community, and re-socialized him into society. Some suggest that it is aweak way to punish criminal who must be deterrred, these critics are often proponents of
• Retributive justice or the "eye for an eye" approach.Assuming that the victim or their heirs or neighbors have the right to do to the offender what was done to the victim. Theseideas fuel support for capital punishment for murder,amputation for theft (as in some versions of the sharia ).
• Psychiatric imprisonment treats crime nominallyas illness , and assumes that it can be treated by psychoanalysis , drugs , and other techniques associated with psychiatry and medicine , but inforcible confinement. It is more commonly associated with crime that does not appear to have animal emotion or human economicmotives, nor even any clear benefit to the offender, but has idiosyncratic characteristics that make it hard for society tocomprehend, thus hard to trust the individual if released into society.
• Transformative justice does not assume that thereis any reasonable comparison between the lives of victims nor offenders before and after the incident. It discourages suchcomparisons and measurements, and emphasizes the trust of the society in each member, including trust in the offender not tore-offend, and of the victim (or heirs) not to avenge.

In addition, there are models of criminal justice systems which try to explain how these institutions achieve justice.

• The Consensus Model argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system do, or should, cooperate.

• The Conflict Model assumes that the organizations of a criminal justice system do, or should, compete.

The US Criminal Justice system

"There is a criminal justice process through which each offender passes from the police , to the courts , and back unto the streets. The inefficiency,fall-out, and failure of purpose during this process is notorious." -- US National Commission on the Causes and Prevention ofViolence

" Three strikes you're out " is claimed to be cruel and unusual punishment by its opponents, whoargue that the U.S. system is too dependent on retributivejustice , and is failing socially as well as criminally.

A society should not be judged on how it treats its outstanding citizens but by how it treats itscriminals..... Fyodor Dostoyevsky

See also: criminal law , criminology , law , social justice

• List of basic criminaljustice topics
• List of criminal justicenotables